热门站点| 世界资料网 | 专利资料网 | 世界资料网论坛
收藏本站| 设为首页| 首页

金华市人民政府办公室关于印发金华市区困难群众医疗救助办法的通知

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-08 14:05:55  浏览:8999   来源:法律资料网
下载地址: 点击此处下载

金华市人民政府办公室关于印发金华市区困难群众医疗救助办法的通知

浙江省金华市人民政府办公室


关于印发金华市区困难群众医疗救助办法的通知

金政办发〔2009〕66号


民政 医疗 救济 办法 通知 
婺城区、金东区人民政府,市政府各部门:
《金华市区困难群众医疗救助办法》已经市人民政府同意,现印发给你们,请按照执行。


二OO九年七月六日



金华市区困难群众医疗救助办法

第一章 总  则
第一条 为进一步完善市区社会救助体系,有效缓解市区困难群众因病致贫、因病返贫问题,根据国家和省有关政策规定,结合市区实际,制定本办法。
第二条 市区范围内常住户籍城乡居民医疗救助及其监督管理,适用本办法。
第三条 医疗救助以保障因病致贫的困难群众基本生活为原则,坚持政府资助为主导、社会力量参与相结合,救助制度与其他社会保障制度相衔接,救助水平与经济社会发展水平相适应,实行公开、公平、公正和分层分类救助。
第四条 社会困难群众救助工作领导小组负责医疗救助的领导和协调。民政部门负责医疗救助的组织实施工作。财政、卫生、劳动保障、审计、监察等部门根据职责分工,做好医疗救助的相关工作。各乡(镇、街道)社会救助管理事务(服务)所负责本辖区医疗救助的受理、审查、申报等有关工作。

第二章 医疗救助的对象、范围和标准
第五条 具有市区常住户籍,并符合以下条件之一的,可列为医疗救助对象:
(一)农村五保对象和城镇“三无”(无劳动能力、无生活来源、无法定义务抚养人或赡养人)人员;
(二)城乡最低生活保障对象;
(三)经区级民政部门认定的当年给予医疗救助的低保边缘困难对象;
(四)因患各种特殊病种疾病造成生活困难的其他人员(未参加新型农村合作医疗、城镇职工基本医疗保险或城镇居民基本医疗保险的除外)。
第六条 因下列情形之一发生的医疗费用,不属于医疗救助范围:
(一)农村或城镇医疗保险用药目录、诊疗项目目录、医疗服务设施目录范围以外的费用;
(二)由于自杀、自残、斗殴、酗酒等,以及自身违法犯罪所产生的医疗费用;
(三)因交通事故、医疗事故以及其他赔付责任人应予支付的医疗费用;
(四)法律、法规、规章规定的其它不予救助的情形。
第七条 医疗救助对象患艾滋病、肺结核、血吸虫病、鼠疫、霍乱、非典型肺炎、禽流感等特种传染病的,救治费用按国家现行有关政策规定执行。
第八条 门诊医疗救助限于市区农村五保对象和城镇“三无”人员、城乡最低生活保障对象,每年每人定额200元。
第九条 医疗救助对象在一个自然年度内发生的符合农村或城镇医疗保险报销范围的住院医疗费用(含特殊病种疾病的门诊医疗费用和住院治疗的本次门诊医疗费用),按下列标准给予救助:
(一)农村五保对象、城镇“三无”人员,其住院医疗费用在扣除各类补助、报销、经济赔偿后,剩余部分在30000元限额内予以全额救助。
(二)城乡居民最低生活保障对象,其住院医疗费用在扣除各类补助、报销、经济赔偿后,剩余部分按50%比例予以救助,全年累计不超过30000元。
(三)经区级民政部门认定的当年给予医疗救助的低保边缘困难对象,其住院医疗费用在扣除各类补助、报销、经济赔偿后,自负医疗费用超过2000元的,超出部分按30%比例予以救助,全年累计不超过20000元。
(四)上述救助对象享受医疗救助后自负医疗费用超过30000元,以及其他救助对象因患各种特殊病种疾病住院医疗费用自负超过30000元,且影响家庭基本生活的,给予不超过2000元的医疗救助。该项医疗救助资金总量控制在年度医疗救助专项资金的5%以内。
第十条 医疗救助对象应当在农村或城镇医疗保险定点医疗机构就医。
定点医疗机构应当按照农村或城镇医疗保险用药目录、诊疗项目目录、医疗服务设施目录,控制医疗费用。


第三章 医疗救助的资金筹集与管理
第十一条 整合医疗救助和惠民医院资源,建立医疗救助专项资金。专项资金来源:
(一)自2009年起,每年按市区总人口人均不低于7元安排医疗救助专项资金,由市、区财政按1:1比例承担,列入年度财政预算,并随着社会经济的发展和医疗救助需求逐步提高;
(二)社会捐赠;
(三)其它资金。
第十二条 医疗救助资金列入社会保障基金财政专户管理,实行专款专用,滚动使用。当年医疗救助专项资金不足支付,相应提高筹资标准。
第十三条 财政、审计、监察部门应加强对医疗救助资金使用情况的监督和检查。

第四章 医疗救助的申请和审批
第十四条 医疗救助实行属地管理。申请人符合医疗救助条件的,向户籍所在地乡镇政府、街道办事处提出书面申请,填写《金华市区困难群众医疗救助审批表》,并如实提供以下书面材料:
(一)申请人身份证、户口簿及救助对象身份证明(原件及复印件);
(二)病史材料和医疗诊断书;
(三)已支付的医疗费用收据(另附门诊或住院费用清单复印件);
(四)农村或城镇医疗保险已报销证明。
第十五条 乡镇政府、街道办事处应对申请材料进行调查核实,并在申请人居住地公示7天。公示期满无异议,签署救助意见,报区级民政部门审批。
第十六条 区级民政部门对上报的材料进行审核。符合医疗救助条件的,告知乡镇政府、街道办事处,并按季汇总报市民政局和市、区财政局备案;不符合医疗救助条件的,将有关材料退回乡镇政府、街道办事处,并说明理由。

第五章 法律责任
第十七条 医疗救助对象以涂改、伪造、冒领等手法骗取医疗救助金的,由民政部门予以批评教育,取消当年救助资格,并追回冒领的医疗救助金;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第十八条 定点医疗机构及其工作人员,在医疗救治各环节中滥用职权、弄虚作假、徇私舞弊的,由卫生、劳动保障等部门予以警告、通报批评,直至对机构取消定点资格;构成犯罪的,依法追究相关人员的刑事责任。
第十九条 医疗救助经办机构侵占、挪用、贪污医疗救助资金的,按规定追究相关责任人的责任;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。


第六章 附  则
第二十条 特殊病种为:恶性肿瘤、慢性肾功能衰竭、白血病、再生障碍性贫血、尿毒症患者的透析治疗、器官移植抗排异治疗、血友病、经县级卫生部门认定的二战期间因细菌战造成的后遗症等。
第二十一条 本办法自下发之日起施行。《金华市区困难群众医疗救助暂行办法》(金政办发〔2004〕88号)同时废止。






下载地址: 点击此处下载

国务院办公厅转发国家经委、经贸部、国家商检局关于加强出口商品质量管理工作意见的通知(附英文)

国务院办公厅


国务院办公厅转发国家经委、经贸部、国家商检局关于加强出口商品质量管理工作意见的通知(附英文)
国务院办公厅



国务院同意国家经委、经贸部、国家商检局《关于加强出口商品质量管理工作的意见》,现转发给你们,请结合实际情况,认真贯彻执行。
加强出口商品质量管理,是提高经济效益、增加出口创汇的关键。近年来,我国部分出口商品质量下降,不但造成经济损失,影响出口创汇,而且有损于国家信誉。各地区、各有关部门对此要给予高度重视,采取有力措施,尽快扭转这种状况,把出口商品质量搞上去。

关于加强出口商品质量管理工作的意见
一、清理和整顿出口商品的生产厂点
各地区、各部门要对所有生产出口商品的企业进行一次全面清理和整顿,择优定点。凡不具备质量保证的企业,不准生产出口商品。
重点清理、整顿出口商品质量管理较差、生产加工厂点过多、质量问题较多的行业。
二、加强出口商品生产企业的质量管理和检验工作
(一)在生产企业中,对出口商品的质量,厂长(经理)要全面负责。
(二)出口专业厂、出口生产基地和重要出口商品生产企业,可设总质量师。总质量师协助厂长全面负责产品质量的检验和管理工作,有权代表厂长停止不合格出口商品的生产和出厂。
(三)在重要出口商品生产企业,试行国家商检部门派驻质量监督员制度(简称驻厂员制度)。驻厂员代表国家对生产企业的出口商品质量和检验工作进行监督,有权对出口商品使用的原材料、零部件和成品进行检验、抽查或复验。驻厂员如发现出口商品不合格,有权停止出口商品出
厂,并可通知外贸经营单位不予收购。
(四)所有出口商品生产企业,都要推行全面质量管理,健全质量责任制,加强检验工作,制订严格的工艺规程和劳动纪律。尽快建立和完善出口商品生产企业的质量保证体系。
三、加强出口商品质量的监督和检验
(一)一切出口商品都必须经过检验。不合格的商品(包括包装不合格)不准出厂,外贸经营单位不得收购,商检部门不予出证放行。
(二)逐步充实商检部门的力量,完善出口商品检验手段。
(三)商检部门要会同有关主管部门加快对重要出口商品发放出口商品质量许可证的工作。凡是实行出口商品质量许可证的商品,未取得出口商品质量许可证的,经贸主管部门不能签发出口许可证。
(四)经贸主管部门要加强对外贸经营单位的监督、检查,督促外贸经营单位加强质量管理工作,健全验收制度,增强验收力量,切实做到择优安排出口生产,择优收购商品,坚持质量第一、以质取胜的经营方针。凡不具备外贸经营条件的单位,经贸主管部门有权取消其外贸经营资格
,并通知工商行政管理部门吊销其营业执照。严禁违反国家规定,通过非正常渠道或采取不正当手段出口商品。
四、要把提高出口商品质量,作为企业技术进步工作的重点
各地区、各部门要根据外贸出口的战略需要,以提高产品质量、增加创汇为重点,调整技术进步的投资结构和方向,将出口商品的重点生产企业、专业厂与生产基地的技术改造、科技攻关、技术引进、测试检验、扩大生产、降低消耗等各方面的措施衔接起来。大力改善出口商品仓储条
件,减少商品的污染和损坏。
五、明确出口商品的质量责任
为了保证出口商品的质量,各有关单位和部门都要有明确的责任和制度。出口商品因质量问题造成经济损失或产生不良影响时,必须分清生产加工企业、外贸经营单位、仓储运输单位、商检部门和其他有关部门的责任。凡属渎职、失职造成的质量事故,要追究责任者和有关领导者的责
任,并严肃处理。
六、进一步改善出口商品的包装
中国包装进出口总公司要会同中国包装总公司,进一步研究制订改进出口商品包装的方案、计划和措施。当前要解决好出口食品、饮料、烟叶、罐头、五金、机械、陶瓷、纺织品、服装、棉花和危险品的包装,协调落实包装生产厂点和原材料供应,健全包装质量标准,加强质量管理、
检验和监督工作。
七、加强出口商品的标准化工作,改善口岸的计量条件
(一)标准、商检和经贸部门要会同各主管部门,加快制定和修订出口商品标准及出口检验标准。
(二)运输主管部门要会同商检和计量部门共同研究提出改进口岸计量条件的方案,纳入运输主管部门和有关地区技术改造规划,三年内基本改善口岸计量条件。
八、加强出口商品商标和出口专利产品的管理
(一)对名牌出口商品商标的使用,经贸和工商行政管理部门要共同进行一次清理整顿,加强管理,保护名牌出口商品。
(二)未经上级主管机关批准或专利权人同意,生产企业和外贸经营单位不得生产和经营出口专利产品。
(三)对国内外假冒我国出口商品商标、仿制我出口专利产品和伪造我商检证书的侵权、违法行为,要坚决查处、及时起诉,维护企业和我国的合法权益。
上述意见,如无不妥,请批转各地区、各部门贯彻执行。(附英文)

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON THE TRAN-SMISSION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC COM-MISSION, THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THESTATE BUREAU OF IMPORT AND
EXPORT COMMODITIES INSPECTION CONCERNING THESTRENGTHENIN

Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON THE TRAN-
SMISSION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC COM-
MISSION, THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THE
STATE BUREAU OF IMPORT AND EXPORT COMMODITIES INSPECTION CONCERNING THE
STRENGTHENING OF QUALITY CONTROL OF EXPORT COMMODITIES
(April 29, 1987)
The State Council has accepted The Recommendations Concerning the
Strengthening of Quality Control of Export Commodities, submitted by the
State Economic Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade, and the State Bureau of Import and Export Commodities Inspection.
The Recommendations are hereby transmitted to you, and you are requested
to implement them conscientiously in light of the actual conditions in
your spheres of activities.
The strengthening of quality control of export commodities is the key to
increasing economic returns as well as foreign exchange earnings. In
recent years, the quality of some of our country's export commodities has
shown a decline, which has not only caused economic losses and affected
foreign exchange earnings by exports, but also marred the reputation of
our country. All the localities and departments concerned shall give the
amplest attention to this state of affairs, take effective measures to
remedy it quickly so as to upgrade the quality of our export commodities.
RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC COMMISSION, THE MINISTRY
OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THE STATE BUREAU OF IMPORT
AND EXPORT COMMODITIES INSPECTION CONCERNING THE STRENGTHENING OF QUALITY
CONTROL OF EXPORT COMMODITIES
(Extracts)
In recent years, the quality of some of our country's export commodities
has shown a decline, which has not only caused economic losses and had an
unfavourable impact on the foreign exchange earnings by exports, but also
marred the reputation of our country. In order to rapidly remedy this
situation and to strengthen quality control of our export commodities, we
hereby submit, on the basis of the investigations and studies of the
aforesaid situation and the opinions solicited from all localities and
departments concerned, the following recommendations:

I. Checking up and Rectifying Factories to be Designated as Export
Commodities Manufacturers
All the localities and departments concerned must carry out an all-round
checking-up on, and rectification of, all the enterprises that are
manufacturing export commodities and then designate from among them the
most outstanding ones as manufacturers of commodities for export. Those
enterprises found to be lacking the conditions for guaranteeing the
quality of their products shall not be permitted to manufacture
commodities for export. The State Economic Commission, the Ministry of
Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, and the State Bureau of Import and
Export Commodities Inspection shall jointly be responsible for the
checking-up and rectification in conjunction with other competent organs
concerned. The checking-up and rectification shall be focused on those
industries whose quality control over export commodities is comparatively
poor, whose number of factories designated for producing and processing
export commodities is too large, and whose quality problems are numerous.

II. Strengthening the Quality Control and Inspection Work in Enterprises
Producing Export Commodities
(1) In production enterprises, the factory director (the manager) shall
take overall responsibility for quality of export commodities.
(2) In factories specially engaged in the production of export
commodities, the production bases of export commodities, and the
enterprises producing import and export commodities, the post of chief
quality controller may be set up. The chief quality controller shall
assist the factory director in taking the overall responsibility for
inspecting and controlling the quality of products, for implementing the
Regulations on the Responsibility for Quality Control of Industrial
Products, for organizing the formulation and implementation of the rules
for reward and penalty relating to the quality of products, and for making
the decision, on behalf of the factory director, to stop the production
and delivery out of the factory of sub-standard export commodities.
(3) In enterprises producing important export commodities, the system of
having a resident quality supervisor stationed in the enterprise and sent
by the State commodities inspection department (referred to, for short, as
"the resident supervisor system") shall be implemented on a trial basis.
The resident supervisor shall, in the name of the State, exercise
supervision over the quality and inspection of the production enterprise's
export commodities, and have the right to inspect, to spot check, or to
re-inspect the finished products, or the raw and processed materials, or
spare parts and components, used in manufacturing export commodities. In
case where the resident supervisor discovers that the export commodities
are not up to the standard, he/she has the right to stop the delivery out
of the factory of the export commodities, and may ask the foreign trade
corporations not to purchase the said export commodities. The production
enterprise shall provide the resident supervisor with working conditions,
the data of quality, and relevant technical documents for carrying out
quality inspection; and it shall also inspect, spot check, or re-inspect
its products, as required by the resident supervisor. The resident
supervisors shall be personnel of the State commodities inspection
departments, and their salaries, bonuses and welfare benefits shall all be
borne by the sending department so that no direct economic connections
shall exist between the resident supervisors and the production
enterprise.
(4) All the production enterprises manufacturing export commodities shall
implement an all-round quality control, strengthen and perfect the quality
responsibility system, strengthen inspection work, and work out strict
technological processes and labour discipline. The factory director shall
appoint a person who has technical know-how, experience and strong sense
of responsibility, as head of the inspection department, and this
appointment shall be reported to the authorities in charge of the
enterprise for the record. No department or individual within the
enterprise shall be permitted to interfere with the work conducted by the
inspection department, and its independence in performing its functions
shall be guaranteed. It is imperative to establish and perfect, as soon as
possible, the quality guarantee system in enterprises producing export
commodities.

III. Strengthening the Supervision and Inspection of the Quality of Export
Commodities
All export commodities must undergo the process of inspection. Commodities
that are not up to the standard (including those whose packaging is not up
to the standard) shall not be permitted to leave the factory; the foreign
trade corporations shall not be permitted to purchase such commodities;
and the commodities inspection department shall not issue export licence
and grant clearance.
The working contingent of the commodities inspection department shall be
reinforced gradually, and the means of inspection of export commodities be
perfected. The commodities inspection department shall, in conjunction
with the competent authorities concerned, speed up the work for issuing
quality licenses for important export commodities. With respect to those
commodities to which the system of quality licence for export commodities
applies, the competent authorities for foreign economic relations and
trade shall not issue for them export licences before they have obtained
quality licenses for export commodities.
The competent authorities for foreign economic relations and trade shall
strengthen their supervision over and inspection of foreign trade
corporations, and urge them to strengthen the work of quality control, to
improve examination-and-acceptance system, and reinforce the working
personnel for the system, to strive to do a good job in selecting
outstanding factories to manufacture commodities for export, to purchase
commodities from the factories that produce quality products, and to
adhere to the principle of "placing quality first, and winning over the
customers by offering them quality products". The competent authorities
for foreign economic relations and trade shall have the right to
disqualify those units which do not have the qualifications for doing
foreign trade business, and ask the administrative department for industry
and commerce to revoke their business licences. The exportation of
commodities through irregular channels or by using crooked means by
violation of the State provisions shall be strictly prohibited.
IV. Taking the Improvement of the Quality of Export Commodities as the
Focus of the Work of Technical Advancement
All the localities and departments shall, in accordance with the
requirements of the strategy of export and foreign trade, make adjustment
in the structure and the orientation of investment for technical
advancement, and link up the various measures adopted for technical
transformation, the tackling of difficult problems (in science and
technology), the importation of technology, testing and inspection, the
expansion of production, and the reduction in consumption of raw materials
and energy, at the key production enterprises, specialized factories, and
production bases for the manufacture of export commodities by taking the
improvement of the quality of products and the increases in foreign
exchange earnings as the focal point. Strenuous efforts shall be devoted
to the improvement of the warehousing and storage conditions for export
commodities, so as to reduce or eliminate the contamination of or damages
to export commodities.

V. Clearly Defining the Responsibility for the Quality of Export
Commodities
In order to guarantee the quality of export commodities, all units and
departments concerned must have both a clear-out definition of the job
responsibility and rules. If the poor quality of some export commodities
has resulted in economic losses or made a negative reflection on China's
reputation, it is imperative to check up on the responsibilities to be
borne by the production and processing enterprises, the foreign trade
corporations, the warehousing and storage units, the department for
commodities inspection, or other departments concerned. Cases of quality
problem caused by dereliction or neglect of one's duty shall be looked
into, and the person in charge as well as the leading personnel involved
shall be held responsible and be dealt with in all seriousness.
VI. Further Improving the Packing of Export Commodities
The China National Packing Import and Export Company shall, in cooperation
with the China National Packing Corporation, conduct further studies on,
and work out programs and measures for the improvement of the packing of
export commodities. Each year, efforts must be made to improve the packing
of certain categories of export commodities. At present, it is imperative
to improve the packing of foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco leaves, canned
foods, hardware, machinery, ceramics, textiles, garments, cotton, and
dangerous articles. The two companies shall coordinate the supply-and-
demand relationship between packing factories and packing material
suppliers, perfect the packing standards, and strengthen the work of
quality control, inspection and supervision.
VII. Strengthening the Standardization of Export Commodities, and
Improving the Conditions for Conducting Measurement at Ports
(1) The authorities of standardization of commodities inspection, and of
foreign economic relations and trade shall, in cooperation with various
competent organs, speed up the formulation and revision of the standards
for export commodities and inspection criteria.
(2) The competent authorities of transportation shall, in cooperation with
the authorities of commodities inspection and metrological authorities,
submit a plan to improve metrological conditions at ports and incorporate
it into the program for technological transformation of the competent
authorities of transportation and the interested localities so as to
improve basically the metrological conditions at ports within 3 years.

VIII. Strengthening the Administration of Trademarks of Export Commodities
and Patented Products
With respect to the use of trademarks for export commodities of famous
brands, the authorities of foreign economic relations and trade and the
administrative departments for industry and commerce shall jointly conduct
a checking-up and rectification campaign to strengthen the administration
and protect export commodities of famous brands. Without the approval of
the competent authorities at a higher level or without the consent of the
patentee, no production enterprises and foreign trade corporations may
produce patented products for export and engage in export of such
products. Cases occurring either at home or abroad of infringements or
illegal acts such as counterfeiting the trademarks of our export
commodities, imitating the patented commodities we export or forging our
export commodities inspection certificates shall be resolutely
investigated and dealt with, and the offenders shall even be prosecuted in
time so as to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of the enterprises
as well as of the State.
If no inappropriateness is found in the recommendations submitted above,
we request that they be approved and transmitted to all the localities and
departments for implementation.



1987年4月29日
论民事诉讼证人出庭作证原则

作者:王清镇

根据我国民事诉讼法和最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》若干问题的意见的有关规定 ,任何知悉案件情况的人都可以作为证人,并负有出庭如实作证的义务。出庭作证是证人的法定义务,也是证人作证的基本要求。因为,从证人证言这一证据形式本身的含义来看,它应该是“证人就自己所了解的案件事实向法庭作的口头陈述”。证人出庭作证,一方面可以使审判人员“听其言,观其行”,通过观察证人陈述的声调、语气、表情及内容是否连贯一致等,减少证人因职业、年龄、生理、教育程度、偏好等主观因素对其感知的影响,从而准确判断证言是否真实可信;另一方面也可以使庭审各方就证言中的疑问面对面地进行询问、反驳,通过当庭质证来辨明证言的真伪。然而,无数的诉讼事实证明,并非每个证人都出庭作证,也并非每个出庭作证的证人都如实作证。为了实现法律的目的,确保证据的合法性、关联性和真实性,我们必须寻求具体的办法来规范民事诉讼证人制度。在此,笔者谨就证人出庭作证原则作一番论述。
1991年,我国颁布了第一部民事诉讼法典,1992年,最高人民法院通过了关于适用《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》若干问题的意见。二者均有一个明显的特点:法院职权干预的弱化以及相应的当事人处分权的强化。法院不再是“全面地、客观地收集和调查证据”,而是“全面地、客观地审查核实证据”,把举证责任主要由法官承担转化为主要由当事人承担,法官从举证的角色中脱离出来,变成审查判断证据的中立角色,其职能主要集中于庭审过程。这意味着当事人围绕证据和事实展开的法庭辩论将成为诉讼程序的中心环节和重要内容,由此衍生出来的对直接言词原则的重视必然使得证人证言在诉讼证据中的地位也随之提升。在民事诉讼中,证人之所以提供证言,是因为他知道案件的一定情况,这是案件本身所决定的。不知道案件情况的单位和个人,则不能作为证人提供证言。另外,证人证言只能是证人对自己耳闻目睹的案件情况进行陈述,而不是对这些事实作出的分析与评价;只能是对过去已发生的案件事实的重现,而不是推想、猜测可能发生的事实。当然,证人证言是证人在主观上对客观事实的认识和反映,比较容易受主观因素的影响。由于客观事物本身较为复杂,人们主观反映客观的情况又有所不同,加之各种主观因素,这就使得证言情况甚为复杂,真假交错。因此,对证人证言既不能轻信,又不能轻易否定,必须进行认真的审查核实。未经审查属实,不能作为认定事实的根据。我国《民事诉讼法》第66条规定了:“证据应当在法庭上出示,并由当事人互相质证。”第70条也规定了:“凡是知道案件情况的单位和个人,都有义务出庭作证。”由此可见,出庭作证是每个公民应尽的义务,必须正确履行。首先,证人必须接受人民法院的传唤履行出庭作证的义务。遇有证人不愿出庭的,审判人员应分析原因,对症下药,做好法制宣传和思想工作,使他们懂得出庭作证是他们的义务。其次,证人必须就自己所了解的案件事实做如实陈述。在证人作证前,人民法院应告知其应当如实作证,全面、客观地陈述自己所了解案件事实,告知其作虚伪陈述或故意作伪证应负的法律责任,促使证人自觉履行自己的义务,如实提供证言。在英国,无论在庭审中有无陪审团,证人都必须出庭,证人出庭的基础就是直接言词原则。根据英国的传闻证据法,法庭不接受传闻证据,而传闻证据的含义则包括两种情况:一种是道听途说的传来证据,另一种则是指不出庭作证的证言。这一点是非常值得我们借鉴的。
但是,长期以来,在我国的民事诉讼立法和审判实践中,对证人制度一直未有足够的重视,程序规范疏漏,法律约束不力,致使证人拒不作证、拒不出庭以及作伪证等现象普遍存在。对当事人而言,这种状况使得本来就十分有限的证据资源显得更加匮乏,影响了正当诉讼请求的实现;对司法机关而言,则是增加了法官查证的负担,影响了案件事实的认定,降低了诉讼效率和办案质量。首先,在司法实践中,我国《民事诉讼法》第70条规定:“凡是知道案件情况的单位和个人,都有义务出庭作证。”但却没有规定证人在违反这一法定义务时所应承担的法律责任。在缺乏国家强制力保证的情况下,证人出庭作证成为了一种可以规避的义务,证人不履行(拒绝作证)或不正确履行(作伪证)义务的现象也就在所难免。其次,在证人履行了作证的义务后,也未能给予必要的经济补偿以及人身财产安全的保障,这种权利义务的严重失衡,极大地挫伤了证人出庭作证的积极性和主动性。再次,证人到庭作证的极少,法官在法庭上所获取的证人证言材料多是当事人及其代理人宣读的证人证言,立法上的缺陷是造成证人不到庭作证的主要障碍。我国民诉法规定了证人必须出庭作证,而提交书面证言只是证人因特殊情况无法到庭所采取的一种补救措施,但却没有指明“确有困难不能出庭”的具体情形,反而规定了证据可以以“出示”的方式进行质证。这就必然导致了以书面证言或询问笔录代替口头证言 、以证据出示代替当庭质证的做法,使得证人出庭作证制度形同虚设。
证据理论认为,证人证言的形成主要经历了感受、判断、记忆、复述等多个环节,每一环节出现差错都可能导致证人证言失实。证人只有在法庭上面对双方的询问及反询问,方可充分暴露其证言的不足,去其不真实的内容从而弄清案件的事实真相。我国民诉法第66条规定了:“证据应当在法庭上出示,并由当事人互相质证。”在庭审过程中采取证人出庭作证原则,可以充分行使当事人双方的质证权,有利于查清证据的真伪和排除违法证据。司法改革的最终目的是在推进依法治国的前提下,为每一个公民的生存、发展与福址提供公平、和谐与适宜的条件和环境基础。因此,司法改革的推进过程应当成为不断培植和提高公民法律意识与法治素养的过程。每个公民在这一过程当中所发挥的作用和产生的影响是不可或缺的,也是不容忽视的。为此,证人出庭作证原则是推动我国社会进化所应当考虑到的一个重要因素,也是对我国法律尊严与司法权威的尊重与崇尚的一种体现。综上所述,笔者认为,在我国的证据立法与审判实践中,确立证人出庭作证原则,是符合我国诉讼法理与证据规则的,也有利于维护我国法律的尊严和司法的权威。
随着审判方式改革的深入、庭审功能进一步强化,要求法官在法庭上对证据进行审查认证,当事人双方对各自提出的证据进行质证,贯彻证人出庭作证原则已成定局,已是大势所趋。随着证人法的出台,证人出庭作证原则将有更大的发展。在审判实践中,我们还应当注意以下几个问题:
一、对限制民事行为能力的人作证时要区分的情况
从理论上讲,任何人都可以成为案件中的证人,只要他亲身感知了与案件应该的情况,甚至未成年人和精神病人都可以成为证人。在英国,精神病人和儿童不得作证。根据我国《民法通则》第12条第一款、第13条第二款的规定:十周岁以上的未成年人是限制民事行为能力人,可以进行与他的年龄、智力相适应的民事活动;不能完全辨认自己行为的精神病人是限制民事行为能力人,可以进行与他精神健康状况相适应的民事活动。这说明这些人可以作为证人出庭作证。但是,在具体的审判活动当中,是否需要限制行为能力的未成年人或精神病人出庭作证,则应根据未成年人的身体智力发育情况或精神病人的身体健康状况以及需要他们作证的案件事实的复杂程度而定。如果限制行为能力的未成年人和精神病人智力发展迟缓,精神健康状况极差,或需要证明的案件事实复杂,他们不能正确理解和表达,就不能对他们的证人证言予以认定。间歇性精神病人,如果他在案件发生时精神病发作或在案件发生时精神状态正常而需其出庭作证时精神处于不正常状态,则不应准其作为证人出庭作证。至于某些生理上有缺陷的人,只要这种缺陷不足以妨碍其正确理解和表达事物的能力,仍然可以作为证人。例如,盲人看不到事物,但可听到声音,他们可证明其所听到的事实;聋人听不到声音,但却能看到某种事实,他们可以证明其所看到的事实。
二、规范证人作证的诉讼程序规则
证人作证不是一种任意行为,它是一种法律行为,这也就决定了它必然应当遵循一定的法律规范和程序规则。笔者认为,应当借鉴英美法系国家的诉讼规则,确立证人宣誓制度,即要求证人在出庭作证时向法庭保证绝不作伪证或作虚假陈述,否则将承担法律责任。这从形式上考验了证人、设置了一道防止证人作伪的防线,通过庄重的宣誓仪式使人们意识到作证的严肃性和作伪证的严重后果,并且有助于严肃法庭的秩序,维护法律的权威。根据我国的国情和文化传统,可以采用写保证书或当庭宣誓的形式进行宣誓。
三、因特殊情况无法出庭作证的
我国《民事诉讼法》第70条中规定:“证人确有困难不能出庭的,经人民法院许可,可以提交书面证言。”在特殊情况下,经法庭许可,证人可以不出庭作证,其庭前所作的书面证言经审查是真实的,可作为定案的依据。笔者认为,特殊情况应包含以下几种情形:(一)当事人双方对证词无异议,一致同意证人可以不出庭的;(二)已经死亡的证人留下的亲笔证言;(三)在开庭审理期间患严重疾病或行动极为不便的。但是,对确有必要到庭作证的证人,如其在短期内可以康复的,应暂缓开庭,待其痊愈或者可以到庭后再开庭审理;(四)丧失了记忆的证人在失忆前所留下的亲笔证言;(五)在开庭时已出行远方的证人,如到国外学习、工作,短期内不可能返回,或者通讯地址不详,无法传唤的证人。
四、证人出庭所应享有的权利
从民事权利的私权性质出发,为保证证人能充分正确地提供所了解的案件事实情况,证人在履行了作证的义务的同时,法律还应赋予证人在诉讼中享有一定的权利,以减少证人在思想上的顾虑以及经济上的负担:(一)有权用本民族语言文字提供证言,这是由我国民诉法的使用民族语言文字进行诉讼的原则所决定的;(二)对自己的证言笔录,有权申请补充或更正;(三)有权要求补偿因出庭作证所支付的费用和影响的正常收入,如误工工资、误工补贴、差旅费等等。对证人的补偿可以区分为两种情况:应当事人邀请或申请而出庭作证的证人的经济补偿,应由当事人来落实并实际支付;由法院通知出庭作证的证人,应由法院对其给予经济补偿,这笔费用,法院可向负有举证责任的当事人以“其他诉讼费用”的形式收取(四)有权要求在其所证内容涉及个人隐私的前提下进行不公开作证。因为,隐私权是公民的一项重要民事权利。
五、保护证人原则
证人制度,是为案件本身提供可参考和采纳的关键因素,它作为诉讼法律制度的一种,应当是权利义务的统一体。建立和健全证人保护的司法措施,取得证人对执法部门的信任,最终起到宣传和教育每个公民都能主动承担法律赋予自己的责任的作用,这是非常必要的。在英美法系国家,由于证人证言在诉讼证据中占着核心地位,因此法律对证人的保护也较为完备,包括为证人改名易姓、迁移住所、实行人身监护等。但是,在我国目前还不具备上述条件的情况下,除了加大立法力度对侮辱、诽谤、诬陷、殴打或者打击报复证人的人进行法律制裁以外,法律还应赋予证人在必要时可以在不暴露姓名、地址、面貌并且改变声音的情况下出庭作证,当然,前提是证人的身份与本案的当事人不具有利害关系。只有这样,才能最大限度地保护证人的合法权益免受侵害。
(作者单位:福建省安溪县人民法院)


版权声明:所有资料均为作者提供或网友推荐收集整理而来,仅供爱好者学习和研究使用,版权归原作者所有。
如本站内容有侵犯您的合法权益,请和我们取得联系,我们将立即改正或删除。
京ICP备14017250号-1