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中国银行业监督管理委员会




China Banking Regulatory Commission No. 4 Order
Upon the approval of the State Council, the Administrative Rules Governing the Auto Financing Company is now promulgated by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.





Chairman Liu Mingkang

October 3, 2003





Administrative Rules Governing the Auto Financing Company
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 The Administrative Rules Governing the Auto Financing Company (hereinafter referred to as the Rules) is stipulated in accordance with relevant laws and regulations to serve the need of developing auto financing business and regulating the business activities of the non-bank financial institutions engaging in auto financing business.



Article 2 Auto financing companies referred to in the Rules are defined as non-bank financial legal entities charted by the China Banking Regulatory Commission in compliance with relevant laws, regulations and the Rules to provide loans for auto buyers and dealers in the mainland of China.



Article 3 Auto financing companies are supervised and regulated by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Chapter II Incorporation, Change and Termination


Article 4 The establishment of an auto financing company shall be subject to the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Without the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission, no individual or entity shall be allowed to establish an auto financing company, or engage in auto financing business, or include in the name of a company such names as “auto financing” or “auto loan” that indicate the company’s engagement in auto financing business



Article 5 An investor of an auto financing company shall satisfy following requirements:

(a) It shall be a corporate legal entity incorporated in and outside China.

If the investor is a non-financial entity, its total assets of the previous year shall be no less than RMB4 billion yuan or an equivalent amount in convertible currencies; its annual business revenue of the previous year shall be no less than RMB2 billion yuan or an equivalent amount in convertible currencies.

If the investor is a non-bank financial institution, its registered capital shall be no less than RMB300 million yuan or an equivalent amount in convertible currencies;

(b) It shall have sound business performance and remain profitable for the last three consecutive years;

(c) It shall comply with the laws of the countries where it is incorporated and shall have a clean record;

(d) In case of the largest investor, it shall be an auto enterprise or a non-bank financial institution.

The auto enterprise refers to an enterprise that manufactures and sells the whole unit of an automobile.

The largest investor refers to the investor with the largest share of capital and its capital contribution accounting for no less than 30 percent of the total equity of the auto financing company;

(e) It shall not invest in more than one auto financing company; and

(f) It shall satisfy other prudential supervisory requirements set forth by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 6 An auto financing company shall satisfy the following conditions in order to be incorporated:

a) the minimum amount of registered capital required by the Rules;

b) Articles of Association that complies with relevant laws including the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Rules;

c) senior management familiar with auto financing and other related business;

d) a sound organizational structure, management and risk control systems;

e) proper business premises, safety measures and other facilities for business operations; and

f) other conditions set out by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 7 The minimum registered capital of an auto financing company shall be no less than RMB500 million yuan or an equivalent amount in convertible currencies. Registered capital shall be paid-in capital.



The China Banking Regulatory Commission shall have the power to adjust the minimum registered capital of an auto financing company in line with the developments of auto financing business and the prudential requirements, but the adjusted floor shall not be lower than the amount provided in this Article.



Article 8 The establishment of an auto financing company shall cover two stages, i.e. the preparation stage and the business commencement stage. The Chinese text of all application documents for the preparation and the business commencement stages shall prevail.



Article 9 To apply for the preparation of a prospective auto financing company, the largest investor of the company shall act as the applicant and submit the following documents to the China Banking Regulatory Commission:

(a) an application letter, including the auto financing company’s name, location of incorporation, registered capital, business scope and investors’ names and amounts of investment, etc.;

(b) a feasibility study on establishing the auto financing company, including a market analysis, a business plan, the organizational structure, an assessment of the company’s risk control capability, the proforma balance sheet and profits in the following three years after the business commencement;

(c) an Articles of Association of the auto financing company (a draft note);

(d) basic information of each investor of the auto financing company, including name, legal representative, location of incorporation, a photocopy of the business license and a summary of business performance, etc.;

(e) the investor’s balance sheet, profit and loss statement and cash flow statement for the latest three years audited by qualified auditing firms;

(f) name and resume of the person in charge of the preparation; and

(g) other documents required by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



If the applicant is a foreign non-bank financial institution, it shall submit the consent of its home country supervisory authority in writing. If the applicant is a non-financial entity, it shall submit the credit rating report of the previous year by a rating agency.



Article 10 The China Banking Regulatory Commission, upon receiving a complete set of application documents for the preparation of an auto financing company, shall provide its decision of approval or denial in writing within six months.



Article 11 The applicant shall, upon receiving the approval letter from the China Banking Regulatory Commission, complete the preparation within six months. If the applicant has justification for prolonging the preparation stage beyond the prescribed period, it shall submit a written application to the China Banking Regulatory Commission before the original deadline falls due, and may extend the preparation stage for up to three months subject to the approval.



If the applicant fails to apply for business commencement upon the completion of the preparation stage or the extended preparation stage, the original approval document for the preparation shall become void automatically.



During the preparation stage, the applicant shall not conduct any auto financing business.



Article 12 The applicant shall, before the deadline of the preparation stage or the extended preparation stage, apply for business commencement to the China Banking Regulatory Commission with the following attachments:



(a) a report on completion of the preparation and an application letter for business commencement;

(b) a certification of paid-in capital issued by a qualified Chinese certifying agency, and a registration certificate issued by the State Administration of Industry and Commerce;

(c) articles of Association of the auto financing company;

(d) names and detailed resumes of proposed senior managerial personnel;

(e) name and capital contribution of each shareholder;

(f) proposed business rules and procedures and internal controls;

(g) verification documents on business premises and other business-related facilities issued by relevant authorities; and

(h) other documents required by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 13 The China Banking Regulatory Commission, upon receiving a complete set of business commencement application documents, shall provide its decision of approval or denial of the application within three months. If the application is approved, the applicant shall receive a written approval letter attached with a license to conduct financial business with the prescribed business scope. If the application is denied, the applicant shall receive a written notice in which reasons for denial are provided.



The applicant shall, before commencing operations, register with the State Administration of Industry and Commerce with the presentation of the license to conduct financial business, and receive a corporate legal entity business License.



The China Banking Regulatory Commission shall revoke the license to conduct financial business and issue a public notice of the revocation if the auto financing company, after receiving the business license, fails without justification to open business within three months, or, without approval, stops operation for six consecutive months after business commencement.



Article 14 An auto financing company shall not set up any branch or subsidiary.



Article 15 The appointment of the senior managerial personnel of an auto financing company shall be either subject to the qualification review by the China Banking Regulatory Commission or filed with the China Banking Regulatory Commission for record.



The chairman of the board of directors, general manager and deputy general manager, executive directors, and chief financial officer of an auto financing company are subject to the qualification view by the China Banking Regulatory Commission. The qualifications of these senior managerial personnel and procedures relating to qualification review and filing for record shall be issued separately.



Article 16 An auto financing company, in case of any of the following changes, shall seek the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission:

(a) change of company name;

(b) change of registered capital;

(c) change of business premises;

(d) change of business scope;

(e) change of organizational structure;

(f) change of equity structure;

(g) revision of Articles of Association;

(h) change of senior managerial personnel;

(i) merger or split; and

(j) other changes that require the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 17 The liquidation of an auto financing company whose operation is terminated because of dissolution, closure or bankruptcy, shall be carried out in compliance with relevant laws and regulations.



Chapter III Business Scope and Supervision


Article 18 An auto financing company may conduct all or part of the following lines of Renminbi business with the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission:

(a) taking deposits with maturity of no less than three months from its shareholders in the mainland of China;

(b) extending loans for auto purchase;

(c) extending loans to auto dealers for purpose of purchasing automobiles or facilities for operations (including the show-room construction, purchase of spare parts and equipment repairs);

(d) transferring and selling auto loan receivables;

(e) borrowing from financial institutions;

(f) providing guarantee for auto purchase financing;

(g) agency business relating to auto purchase financing; and

(h) other loan business approved by The China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 19 An auto financing company, in case of extending loans to a natural person for auto purchase, shall observe relevant rules governing the auto loans to individual buyers promulgated by the relative supervisory authority. In case of extending auto loans to a legal entity or other organizations, an auto financing company shall observe relevant rules set out by General Provisions of Loans and other regulations.



Article 20 An auto financing company, without the approval of relevant regulatory authorities, shall not issue bonds or borrow funds from overseas. When an auto financing company’s establishment and business operations involve currency exchange, outward repatriation of profits, provision of auto loans for non-residents, capital management or other business transactions relating to foreign exchange administration, the company shall be subject to relevant regulations to be jointly issued by relative regulatory authorities and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange.



Article 21 An auto financing company shall meet the requirement on the capital to risk assets ratio, and the capital adequacy ratio shall not be less than ten percent. The China Banking Regulatory Commission may increase the minimum requirement of capital adequacy ratio of an individual company in line with the company’s risk profile and risk management capability. Other requirements on risk control and management relating to various kinds of assets shall be issued separately by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 22 An auto financing company shall adopt relevant accounting rules for financial institutions.



Article 23 An auto financing company shall compile in required format and submit to the China Banking Regulatory Commission the balance sheet, the profit and loss Statement, the cash flow statement and other statements required by the China Banking Regulatory Commission, and submit the financial statements of the previous year within three months after the end of each accounting year.



An auto financing company shall not provide false financial statements, or statements in which important facts are concealed.



Article 24 An auto financing company shall establish and improve various business management systems and internal controls in line with Guidelines on Strengthening Internal Controls of Commercial Banks issued by the People’s Bank of China, and report the systems to the China Banking Regulatory Commission before their implementation.



Article 25 An auto financing company shall accept the on-site examination and the off-site surveillance by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 26 The China Banking Regulatory Commission may call the legal representatives or other senior managerial personnel of an auto financing company for inquiries into problems discovered during regular examinations, and demand the company to correct within a prescribed time frame.



Article 27 An auto financing company shall establish a system of external audit on a regular basis and submit to the China Banking Regulatory Commission annual auditor’s report signed by the company’s legal representative within six months after the end of each accounting year.



Article 28 An auto financing company, in case of encountering payment difficulties or other emergencies, shall take remedial actions, and promptly report to the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 29 The China Banking Regulatory Commission shall demand remedial actions by an auto financing company in case of the following circumstances:

(a) The company suffers from a loss in the current year of above 50 percent of the registered capital or losses in the last three consecutive years of above 10 percent of the registered capital;

(b) The company is in payment difficulties; and

(c) The company faces other major operational risks that the China Banking Regulatory Commission deems necessary to issue an order for corrective actions.



Article 30 The China Banking Regulatory Commission, after issuing an order for corrective actions to an auto financing company, may take the following enforcement actions:

(a) demanding or prohibiting the change of the company’s senior managerial personnel;

(b) suspending part of the company’s business or prohibiting the company’s engagement in new business lines;

(c) demanding an increase of the company’s capital within a prescribed time frame;

(d) demanding the company to change its equity structure or implement other forms of restructuring;

(e) prohibiting the dividend distribution; and

(f) other enforcement actions that the China Banking Regulatory Commission deems necessary.



Article 31 An auto financing company, when receiving an order for remedial actions, shall not resume normal business operations until the following conditions are met and are approved by the China Banking Regulatory Commission:

(a) Solvency is restored;

(b) Losses are covered; and

(c) Major operational risks are addressed.



Article 32 The maximum time limit that an auto financing company is allowed for corrective actions shall not exceed one year. If the company fails to meet the objectives of remedial actions within the prescribed time limit, its operation shall be terminated in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.



Article 33 Auto financing companies may establish a trade association for self-regulation purposes. The activities of the trade association are subject to the guidance and oversight of the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Chapter IV Legal Liabilities


Article 34 Any establishment of an auto financing company or any auto financing business without the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission shall be banned. If the case constitutes a crime, criminal liabilities shall be investigated. If the case dose not constitute a crime, the China Banking Regulatory Commission shall confiscate the illegal earnings and impose a fine between one to five times the illegal earnings. If no illegal earnings are involved, the China Banking Regulatory Commission shall issue an order for remedial actions and impose a fine of no less than RMB100,000 yuan and no more than RMB500,000 yuan.



Article 35 The China Banking Regulatory Commission shall demand correction and impose a fine of RMB1000 yuan if a company, without the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission, includes in its name such words as “auto finance”, “auto loan”, etc. that indicate the company’s engagement in auto financing business.



Article 36 In case of an auto financing company being found to engage in business activities beyond its prescribed business scope, the China Banking Regulatory Commission shall issue a warning against the company, confiscate the illegal earnings and impose a fine in a range of one to five times the illegal earnings. If no illegal earnings are involved, the China Banking Regulatory Commission imposes a fine of no less than RMB100,000 yuan and no more than RMB500,000 yuan. If the case constitutes a crime, the criminal liabilities shall be investigated.



Article 37 In case of an auto financing company being found in violation of relevant provisions of the Rules to provide false financial statements or statements in which important facts are concealed, the China Banking Regulatory Commission shall issue a warning against the company, and impose a fine of no less than RMB100,000 yuan and no more than RMB500,000 yuan. If the case constitutes a crime, the criminal liabilities shall be investigated.



Article 38 In case of an auto financing company being found in violation of relevant provisions of the Rules to reject or impede the examinations and oversight by the supervisor, the China Banking Regulatory Commission shall issue a warning against the company, and impose a fine of no less than RMB10,000 yuan and no more than RMB30,000 yuan.



Article 39 An auto financing company, in case of being found in violation of the Rules, shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 34 to Article 38. If the violation is a serious one, the China Banking Regulatory Commission may ban the company’s senior managerial personnel from holding senior management position for one to ten years, or in some particular case, for life.



Article 40 An auto financing company, in case of being found in violation of other Chinese laws and regulations, shall be subject to enforcement actions by relevant regulatory authorities.



Chapter V Supplementary Provisions


Article 41 The Rules is applicable to all auto financing companies incorporated in the mainland of China funded by investors from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan province.



Article 42 The Rules enters into effect on October 3, 2003, and the power of the interpretation rests with the China Banking Regulatory Commission.




电信网间互联争议中的证据规则

王春晖


电信网间互联中，因“通而不畅”而产生的争议，最困难的是取证问题。根据《电信网间互联争议处理办法》的规定，发生电信网间互联争议，争议双方应协商解决；协商不成的可以向电信主管部门申请协调；协调不成的，由电信主管部门作出行政决定。在现实中，发生网间互联通信质量争议，最困难的是认定通信严重不畅的事实依据。按照上述《办法》的规定，发生网间通信中断或网间通信严重不畅时，电信业务经营者应当立即采取有效措施恢复通信，并及时向电信主管部门报告。然而，当非主导的电信经营者发现网间通信严重不畅，向电信主管部门报告时，主导的电信经营者马上得到信息，立即变“严重不畅”为“通畅无阻”。因此，认定网间通信严重不畅的证据由电信主管部门调取是极为困难的。这样，处理网间互联中通信严重不畅而产生争议的关键问题，就是确定由谁以及如何取得证明通信严重不畅存在的证据。这涉及到一个举证责任的问题。
按照我国通行的民事证据规则，当事人一方对其提出的主张中须确认的事实，依法负有提出证据的义务。如果没有证据或者证据不足的证明当事人的事实主张，由负有举证责任的当事人承担不利后果。在网间互联中由于通信质量争议产生的举证责任的发生，是解决争议活动的客观规律所决定的。争议本身是一种具有复杂而激烈的对抗性活动，在这种活动中，争议方为了维护各自的权益而展开激烈的角逐；证据就是他们进行角逐所使用的主要手段。应该指出，电信网间互联争议的发生主要是基于以下原因：（1）互联技术方案；（2）与互联有关的网络功能及通信设施的提供；（3）互联时限；（4）电信业务的提供；（5）网间通信质量；（6）与互联有关的费用。这些内容都是互联协议中的主要条款，有些争议的发生可能在互联协议签订之前，但大多数的争议是在互联协议签订之后发生的，特别是由通信质量而产生的争议一定是在互联协议履行中发生的。由于互联协议是依照《合同法》签订的，所以发生互联争议后的举证责任，就应当采用我国现行的民事证据规则。
1、关于举证责任的分配
举证责任也叫证明责任，是指对于需要证明的事实和主张是谁提出的，谁就应当提出证据来加以证明。“当事人对自己提出的主张，有责任提供证据”，这是举证责任的核心所在。在互联争议中，举证责任既是当事人的一种权利，也是一种义务。当一方当事人为了维护自己的合法权益，取得有利于自己的裁决，提出证据来证明自己的主张和请求应依法保护时，举证责任就是其享有的权利；当一方当事人为了反驳对方的请求，或者要求对方承担某种义务，或者要求监管部门确认自己主张的权利时，举证责任又是其应履行的义务。应该指出，这种义务与一般的法律义务有所不同，当事人拒不履行这项义务时并不是追究负有举证责任的当事人的法律责任，而是裁决的结果对他不利。
解决互联双方之间争议，是电信主管部门的职责。依通常的规则，电信主管部门在进行协调或裁决时，必须先确定作为协调和裁决基础的事实关系是否存在，然后才能适用相应的规定来判断其后果，并最后作出裁决。因此，电信主管部门解决互联争议的前提是对存在的互联争议事实的认定。但是事实的存在与否不是凭当事人的主张而成立的，而是靠证明事实存在的证据。既然一方当事人提出了事实存在的主张，那么就应当提供其主张事实存在的相关证据。由此可见，互联争议中对举证责任分担的一个基本原则是：谁提出的事实和主张，谁就应当提出证据加以证明。但是互联争议中的举证责有时是很复杂的，实践中，有时可能存在举证责任倒置或无法确定举证责任承担的情形。在这些情况下，电信主管部门应根据公平原则和诚信原则，综合当事人举证能力确定举证责任的承担。在当事人因客观原因不能自行收集证据时电信主管部门应依职权调查收集。
2、判断证据效力应注意的问题
电信主管部门在裁决互联争议时，为了查明和认定事实，对争议作出正确的裁判，必须要有可靠有力的证据。为了正确地判断证据，笔者认为以下问题应予以考虑：
（1）应注重证据的“三性”原则
作为处理互联争议所依据的证据，必须具有客观性、关联性和许可性。首先，证据必须是客观确实存在的事实材料，不是人们主观意想或提出的事物；其次，证据的客观事实必须同争议的事实有关联，与争议的事实无关，即使是客观事实，也不能作为证据；再次，证据必须是法律所许可的，并且是按照一定的合法程序搜集的事实材料。
（2）应从争议的客观事实出发，对各种证据材料进行全面的审查，鉴别它的真伪。事实上，任何证据材料，对于证明争议的事实来讲，都没有预定的约束力，都不能按主观意志决定取舍和决定证据效力的大小。
（3）应对互联争议的所有证据进行综合分析、比较和对照。把每一个证据同争议案件的客观联系，以及联系的程度进行实事求是的科学分析。要特别注意各种证据之间有没有相互排斥和相互矛盾的地方。
（4）注意把握不同种类的证据特点，并对其进行鉴别和判断。根据我国民事证据立法的一般规定，证据有七种，其中这七种证据中本身有直接证据，也有间接证据；有原始证据，也有传来证据。因此，一定要把握这些证据的特点，以及其固有的本质特征。
3、对主要证据证明力的判断
互联争议中的证据，是证明争议真实情况的事实依据，也是电信主管部门认定事实，分清是非责任，正确适用有关规定作出裁决的依据。那么，什么是争议的真实情况的事实呢？笔者认为，就是当事人双方之间争执的由互联互通关系而形成的客观事实。有些事实，如网间通信质量问题，是在申请协调之前发生的，电信主管部门的执法人员很难直接听到或看到。特别是基础电信业中的话音服务，是点到点的传输，即使其过程中有传送中断，但因电磁信号以光速度传递，其发送与接收几乎是同步的。所以，必须使用一些特殊的手段和材料，迅速取得证明网间通信质量不畅的真实情况。下面介绍几种证明网间通信质量问题的证据及其效力。
（1）关于公证文书
当发生网间通信严重不畅时，由通信主管部门直接取得证据是很困难的。往往是当非主导的电信经营者向电信主管部门报告时，人为的网间通信不畅问题马上得以“解决”。为了即时取得“联而不通”和“通而不畅”的证据，大多数的非主导的电信经营者采用了直接申请公证机关对应答试呼此进行现场公证的方式来取得证据。然而，有些电信主管部门出于种种原因，对公证机关出具的证明网间通信不畅的公证文书不予采信。笔者认为，这有悖于我国的证据法律规则。事实上，公证证明与其他证明相比较，具有更强的证明力，因为公证机关是国家的专门证明机关，公证机关经审查出具的证明文书，应当具有可靠的证明效力，电信主管部门必须重视公证证明的效力，相信公证证明的真实性和可靠性。凡是经过法定程序由公证机关证明的网间通信质量的客观事实，除非有相反证据足以推翻公证证明的，电信主管部门可以直接作为认定事实的根据。这是我国证据立法对公证文书给予的特惠政策。
（2）关于视听资料
视听资料，就是那些有声音能听到，有图象能看到，有资料能查到的那些资料。如录音、录相磁带，都属于视听资料。视听资料作为一种独立的证据，已在我国各类诉讼中广泛采用。就视听资料的性质而言，既不是书证，也不是物证，它兼有书证和物证的特征。当我们利用视听资料的思想内容来证明案件事实时，它反映了书证的特征，当我们利用视听资料的图像来证明案件事实的时候，它又反映了物证的特征。在多数情况下，这两方面特征是结合在一起的。所以，它证明争议的事实是十分有力的。但是如何收集这类证据，一直是许多学者研究的课题。有些学者认为，未经对方同意私自录音和录相取得的资料不能作为证据。这样就将录音或录像取得的证据资料的合法性标准限定在“经对方同意”上。笔者认为，这样的观点是没有道理的。从实践中看，一方当事人同意对方录制其谈话或者拍录其图像或行为的情形是极为少见的，尤其是录制或拍录对自己不利的资料。如果按照上述的观点，即使该视听材料经审查是真实的，只要未经对方同意，就无法采信，这显然是不公平的。因此，最高人民法院出台的民事证据规则，明确了非法证据的判断标准，将非法证据限定在“以侵害他人合法权益或者违反法律禁止性规定的方法取得的证据”的范围之内。因此可见，除以侵害他人合法权益或者违反禁止性规定的方法取得的证据外，其他情形都不得视为非法证据，这一点一定要引起电信监管部门的重视。如果将视听资料证明的事实或行为，再以公证文书的形式加以确认，其证明效力就更可靠。
（3）关于证人证言
就行为主体而言，基础电信业务基本上是一对一的服务。如固定、移动中的话音服务，其提供的方式是为特定的两个电信服务的消费者提供中介服务。在这一过程中，一般有三个行为主体，即基础电信业务的提供方和两个互为信息的消费方。因此，网间互联中的通信质量问题，用户最有发言权。按照《公用电信网间互联规定》第三十八条的规定，网间通信严重不畅，是指网间接通率（应答试呼比）低于20%，以及用户明显感知的时延、断话、杂音等情况。可见，网间通信严重不畅的确定有两项指标，一是网间接通率低于20%，二是用户有明显感知的时延、断话、杂音等情况。那么第二项指标如何确定？笔者认为，只能通过用户的申诉以及其所作的陈述而实现。这种通过争议双方当事人以外的用户，就自己所知道的情况，向电信主管部门证明通信严重不畅这一事实存在的人就是证人。电信主管部门在处理因网间通信质量引起的争议时，用户作为证人所作的陈述或申诉，也是证明争议事实的主要依据。
对于互联的当事人来讲，及时解决争议是对其权利的维护；而收集证据是当事人为电信管理部门查明案件真相，作出裁决提供必要的判断资料的活动，这是法律赋予他们权利。